Mader-e-Milat International Journal of Nursing and Allied Sciences

Relationship of Resilience and Self-Efficacy with Work Engagement Among Cardiac Nurses in Public Sector Hospitals of Karachi

Moinuddin, Hassan Raza, Sohaib-uz-Zaman, Bilal Adnan — Tue, 30 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Nurses make up a significant portion of the health care workforce and directly interact with patients daily, which inherently makes them important players in achieving quality care and positive patient outcomes. The purpose of the present study was to understand the relationship between self-efficacy, resilience, and work engagement among nurses working in cardiac units of two public sector hospitals of Karachi by using a cross-sectional study design (n= 162). Work engagement was assessed through standardized Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES), while general efficacy is analyzed through the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE), and Resilience is determined through the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). The Study analysis was done using Pearson's correlation and multiple regression in RStudio Software. The result of the study shown a significant positive correlation between resilience and work engagement (r = 0.53, p < 0.001), and between self-efficacy and work engagement (r = 0.56, p < 0.001) and multiple regression analysis also confirmed that both resilience and self-efficacy are significant predictors of work engagement, together accounting for 34% of the variance (R2=0.34). These findings suggest that both traits are crucial for enhancing and sustaining work engagement, allowing nurses to proactively address challenges and remain actively involved in their work.

HLA-DQ2 Heterozygosity in Symptomatic Adults from Balochistan: A Case Series Supporting Coeliac Disease Diagnosis

Tue, 30 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Coeliac disease (CD) is an immune-mediated enteropathy triggered by gluten ingestion in genetically susceptible individuals. The presence of HLA-DQ2 and/or HLA-DQ8 haplotypes is a major genetic predisposing factor, with HLA-DQ2.5 showing the strongest association. In Pakistan, particularly in resource-limited regions such as Balochistan, CD remains underdiagnosed due to limited access to genetic testing and awareness of its clinical spectrum.

Objective: This case series aims to describe the clinical and genetic findings of three adult patients from Balochistan presenting with symptoms suggestive of coeliac disease, confirmed by the presence of HLA-DQ2 heterozygosity through whole blood genotyping.

Methods: Whole blood samples were collected from three symptomatic adults with chronic gastrointestinal complaints and malabsorptive features. HLA-DQA1 and HLA-DQB1 alleles were analyzed using standard genotyping techniques to determine the presence of HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8 haplotypes. The allelic combinations were assessed to identify high-risk variants, particularly the DQ2.5 heterodimer.

Results: All three patients demonstrated heterozygous HLA-DQ2 haplotypes. One individual was identified as carrying the high-risk DQ2.5 combination (DQA105 and DQB102 alleles). Clinical features—including chronic diarrhea, weight loss, anemia, and fatigue—were consistent with coeliac disease in all cases. Symptomatic improvement was noted following the initiation of a gluten-free diet, further supporting the diagnosis.

Conclusion: This case series provides molecular evidence of HLA-DQ2 heterozygosity among symptomatic adults in Balochistan and reinforces the diagnostic relevance of HLA genotyping in suspected coeliac disease. Expanding access to genetic testing and increasing clinical awareness can enhance early detection and management of CD in underserved populations. Early identification of genetically at-risk individuals may significantly improve patient outcomes through timely dietary interventions and prevention of long-term complications.

A Strategic Review of the Role and Effectiveness of Public Health Communication Campaigns During Epidemics and Their Impact on Public Behavior

Sughra Majeed, Rizqa Naseem, Babra Nazir, Alia Akram, Saba Bushra — Tue, 30 Sep 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background and Purpose: Vaccination programs have played a transformative role in improving global health outcomes by reducing morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs associated with infectious diseases. Despite their immediate success, there is a need for a comprehensive evaluation of their long-term health and economic impacts on national and global public health systems. This study aims to assess how vaccination initiatives contribute to sustained health improvements, cost-effectiveness, and healthcare system resilience across diverse socioeconomic contexts.

Methods: A quantitative research design was employed, utilizing secondary data from global health databases such as WHO, UNICEF, and World Bank covering the period from 1990 to 2024. Statistical analyses, including trend analysis, multiple regression, and cost-benefit modeling, were conducted to measure correlations between vaccination coverage rates, disease reduction, healthcare expenditure, and economic productivity. Data were stratified by income level and region to ensure cross-national comparability.

Key Findings: Results revealed a significant positive association between high vaccination coverage and reductions in mortality and morbidity rates from vaccine-preventable diseases (p < 0.01). Econometric models indicated that every 1% increase in national immunization coverage corresponded to a 0.5% reduction in healthcare spending on communicable diseases. Long-term analysis demonstrated that vaccination programs generated a substantial return on investment (ROI), averaging 18:1 globally, through reduced treatment costs and increased workforce productivity. Moreover, countries with sustained immunization policies showed improved pandemic preparedness and reduced strain on healthcare infrastructure.

Conclusion: The findings confirm that vaccination programs yield enduring health and economic benefits, reinforcing their role as one of the most cost-effective public health interventions. Strengthening vaccine delivery systems, ensuring equitable access, and maintaining long-term funding commitments are critical to maximizing global health security and economic stability.